What They Do: Court reporters create word-for-word transcriptions at trials, depositions, and other legal proceedings. Simultaneous captioners provide similar transcriptions for television or for presentations in other settings, such as press conferences and business meetings, for people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
Work Environment: Most court reporters work in courts or legislatures; simultaneous captioners may work from their home or a central office. Some court reporters and simultaneous captioners travel to other locations, such as meeting sites or public events.
How to Become One: Many community colleges and technical institutes offer postsecondary certificate programs for court reporters and simultaneous captioners. These workers typically receive on-the-job training that varies by type of reporting or captioning. Many states require court reporters and simultaneous captioners who work in legal settings to have a state license or a certification from a professional association.
Salary: The median annual wage for court reporters and simultaneous captioners is $60,380.
Job Outlook: Employment of court reporters and simultaneous captioners is projected to show little or no change over the next ten years.
Related Careers: Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of court reporters and simultaneous captioners with similar occupations.
Court reporters create word-for-word transcriptions at trials, depositions, administrative hearings, and other legal proceedings. Simultaneous captioners provide similar transcriptions for television or for presentations in other settings, such as press conferences and business meetings, for people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners typically do the following:
Court reporters have a critical role in legal proceedings, which require an exact record of what occurred. These workers are responsible for producing a complete, accurate, and secure transcript of depositions, trials, and other legal proceedings. The official record allows judges and lawyers to efficiently search for important information contained in the transcript. Court reporters also index and catalog exhibits used during legal proceedings.
Simultaneous captioners primarily serve people who are deaf or hard of hearing by transcribing speech to text as the speech occurs. They typically work in settings other than courtrooms or law offices.
The following are examples of types of simultaneous captioners:
Broadcast captioners provide transcriptions for television programs (called closed captions). They capture dialogue for displaying to television viewers, primarily those who are deaf or hard of hearing. Some broadcast captioners may transcribe dialogue in real time during broadcasts; others caption during the program's postproduction.
Communication access real-time translation (CART) providers work primarily with people who are deaf or hard of hearing during meetings, doctors' appointments, and other situations requiring real-time transcription. For example, CART providers may caption the dialogue of college classes and present an immediate transcript to students who are learning English as a second language.
Although some simultaneous captioners accompany their clients to events, many broadcast captioners and CART providers do not. Establishing remote access allows these workers to hear and type dialogue without having to be physically present in the room.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners turn dialogue into text for a variety of audiences. For information about workers who convey dialogue through sign language, cued speech, or other means to people who are deaf or hard of hearing, see the profile on interpreters and translators.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners use different methods for recording speech, such as stenotype machines, steno masks, and digital recording devices.
Stenotype machines work like keyboards but create words through key combinations rather than single characters, allowing court reporters to keep up with fast-moving dialogue.
With steno masks, court reporters and simultaneous captioners speak directly into a covered microphone to record dialogue and to describe gestures and actions. Because the microphone is covered, others cannot hear what the reporter or captioner is saying.
Digital recording devices create an audio or video file rather than a written transcript. In addition to recording dialogue, court reporters and simultaneous captioners who use this equipment also take notes to identify the speakers and provide context for the recording. In some cases, they use the audio recording to create a written transcript.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners hold about 18,500 jobs. The largest employers of court reporters and simultaneous captioners are as follows:
| Self-employed workers | 32% |
| Local government, excluding education and hospitals | 23% |
| State government, excluding education and hospitals | 22% |
| Business support services | 19% |
Most court reporters work in courts or legislatures. Many are self-employed (freelance) reporters who are hired by law firms or corporations for pretrial depositions and other events on an as-needed basis.
Some court reporters and simultaneous captioners travel to other locations, such as meeting sites or public events. Simultaneous captioners may work remotely from either their home or a central office.
Because of the speed and accuracy required to capture a verbatim record and the time-sensitive nature of legal proceedings, court reporting positions may be stressful.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners who work in a legal setting or office typically work full time recording events and preparing transcripts. Freelance reporters often have more flexibility in their work schedules.
Get the education you need: Find schools for Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners near you!
Many community colleges and technical institutes offer postsecondary certificate programs for court reporters and simultaneous captioners. These workers typically on-the-job training; the length of training varies by type of reporting or captioning. Many states require court reporters and simultaneous captioners to have a state license or a certification from a professional association.
Many court reporters and simultaneous captioners attend programs at community colleges or technical institutes that lead to either a certificate or an associate's degree. Either credential qualifies applicants for many entry-level positions. Certification programs prepare students to pass the licensing exams and typing-speed tests required by most states and employers.
Most court reporting programs include courses in English grammar and phonetics, legal procedures, and legal terminology. Students also practice preparing transcripts to improve the speed and accuracy of their work.
Some schools also offer training in the use of different transcription equipment, such as stenotype machines or steno masks.
Completing a court reporting program typically takes 2 or 3 years.
Many states require court reporters and simultaneous captioners to be licensed or certified by a professional association. Licensing requirements vary by state and by method of reporting or captioning.
The National Court Reporters Association (NCRA) offers certification for court reporters and simultaneous captioners. Currently, about half of states accept or use the Registered Professional Reporter (RPR) certification in place of a state certification or licensing exam.
Digital and voice reporters may obtain certification through the American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers (AAERT), which offers the Certified Electronic Reporter (CER) and Certified Electronic Transcriber (CET) designations.
Voice reporters also may obtain certification through the National Verbatim Reporters Association (NVRA). As with the RPR designation, some states with certification or licensing requirements accept the NVRA designation in place of a state license.
Certification through the NCRA, AAERT, and NVRA all require the successful completion of a written test, as well as a skills test in which applicants must type, record, or transcribe a minimum number of words per minute with a high level of accuracy.
In addition, all associations require court reporters and simultaneous captioners to obtain a certain amount of continuing education credits in order to renew their certification.
For more information on certification, exams, and continuing education requirements, visit the specific association's website. State licensing and continuing education requirements are available on the state association's or state judicial agency's website.
After completing their formal program, court reporters and simultaneous captioners must undergo on-the-job training. The length of training varies by type of reporting or captioning but typically includes training on the specific equipment and technical terminology that may be used during complex medical or legal proceedings.
Concentration. Court reporters and simultaneous captioners must be able to focus for long periods so that they remain attentive to the dialogue they are recording.
Detail oriented. Court reporters and simultaneous captioners must produce error-free work because they create transcripts that serve as legal records.
Listening skills. Court reporters and simultaneous captioners must give their full attention to speakers and capture every word that is said.
Writing skills. Court reporters and simultaneous captioners need a good command of grammar, vocabulary, and punctuation.
The median annual wage for court reporters and simultaneous captioners is $60,380. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $34,340, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $103,270.
The median annual wages for court reporters and simultaneous captioners in the top industries in which they work are as follows:
| State government, excluding education and hospitals | $65,370 |
| Local government, excluding education and hospitals | $62,050 |
| Business support services | $47,770 |
Freelance court reporters and simultaneous captioners typically charge an hourly rate; court reporters may also sell additional copies of the transcript, usually charging a set price per page.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners who work in a legal setting or office typically work full time recording events and preparing transcripts. Freelance reporters often have more flexibility in their work schedules.
Employment of court reporters and simultaneous captioners is projected to show little or no change over the next ten years.
Despite limited employment growth, about 2,000 openings for court reporters and simultaneous captioners are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Most of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners will continue to be needed for captioning outside of legal proceedings. Demand for these workers will be influenced by federal regulations requiring an expanded use of captioning for television, the Internet, and other technologies. New television programming will continue to need closed captioning, and networks will likely expand their use of broadcast captioners to comply with federal regulations.
An increase in the number of older people, a group that may experience hearing loss, also will spur demand for simultaneous captioners who provide communication access real-time translation (CART) or who accompany clients to doctor appointments, town hall meetings, and religious services. In addition, movie theaters and sports stadiums will provide closed captioning for attendees who are deaf or hard of hearing.
However, increased use of digital audio recording technology may limit employment growth as some states explore options to replace stenographic court reporters with this technology. Moreover, state and local government budgets may affect the employment of court reporters, because judicial budgets are contingent on available funds.
| Occupational Title | Employment, 2021 | Projected Employment, 2031 | Change, 2021-31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent | Numeric | |||
| Court reporters and simultaneous captioners | 18,500 | 18,700 | 1 | 300 |
For more information on becoming a court reporter, including information on training programs and certification as a Registered Professional Reporter, visit
National Court Reporters Association
For more information on certification and legal resources, as well as becoming an electronic or digital reporter, visit
American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers
For more information on voice writing and certification, visit
A portion of the information on this page is used by permission of the U.S. Department of Labor.